What are some social determinants of health that influence clinical outcomes, and how should clinicians address them in practice?

• A. Genetic mutation
• B. Medication brand
• C. Income
• D. Blood type

Answer: (C)

Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that shape health outcomes. Income stands out because it directly affects access to care, the ability to afford medications and nutritious food, stable housing, transportation, and the stress associated with financial strain—all of which influence disease prevention, management, and recovery.

In practice, clinicians should routinely screen for financial strain, housing insecurity, food insecurity, and transportation barriers using brief questions or validated tools. When barriers are identified, they can connect patients with social workers or community resources, help navigate programs that reduce cost barriers, and consider affordable or generic treatment options, flexible scheduling, or telemedicine to improve access. Coordination with the care team and appropriate advocacy are key to addressing these determinants effectively.

Biological factors like genetic mutations or blood type and non-social aspects like medication brand do not capture the social context that shapes outcomes, which is why income is the best answer.